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contrary to what we thought

  • 1 contrary

    I
    1. 'kontrəri adjective
    ((often with to) opposite (to) or in disagreement (with): That decision was contrary to my wishes; Contrary to popular belief he is an able politician.) contrario a

    2. noun
    ((with the) the opposite.) contrario

    II kən'treəri adjective
    (obstinate; unreasonable.)
    contrary1 adj contrario
    contrary to what we expected... al contrario de lo que esperábamos...
    contrary2 n contrario
    tr[ (adj) 'kɒntrərɪ; (n) kɒn'treərɪ]
    1 (opposite) contrario,-a
    2 (stubborn) terco,-a, obstinado,-a, tozudo,-a
    1 lo contrario
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    contrary to en contra de, al contrario de, contrariamente a
    on the contrary (however) por el contrario 2 (quite the reverse) todo lo contrario, al contrario
    to the contrary en contra
    contrary ['kɑn.trɛri,] 2 often [kən-'trɛri] adj
    1) opposite: contrario, opuesto
    2) balky, stubborn: terco, testarudo
    3)
    contrary to : al contrario de, en contra de
    contrary to the facts: en contra de los hechos
    contrary ['kɑn.trɛri] n, pl - traries
    1) opposite: lo contrario, lo opuesto
    2)
    on the contrary : al contrario, todo lo contrario
    adj.
    ajeno, -a adj.
    contrario, -a adj.
    encontrado, -a adj.
    obstinado, -a adj.
    opuesto, -a adj.
    terco, -a adj.
    adv.
    contrariamente adv.
    n.
    contrario s.m.

    I
    1) 'kɑːntreri, 'kɒntrəri
    a) (opposed, opposite) contrario

    to be contrary TO something — ir* en contra de algo

    b)

    contrary to(as prep) contrariamente a, al contrario de

    2) 'kɑːntreri, kən'treri, kən'treəri <person/child>

    II 'kɑːntreri, 'kɒntrəri
    noun (pl - ries)
    a) ( opposite)

    unless you hear to the contrary... — a menos de que se les informe lo contrario...

    despite his assertions to the contrary... — a pesar de sus declaraciones en sentido contrario...

    b)

    on the contrary — (as linker) al contrario, todo lo contrario, por el contrario

    ['kɒntrǝrɪ]
    1. ADJ
    1) [direction] contrario; [opinions] opuesto

    contrary to — en contra de, contrario a

    2) [kǝn'trɛǝrɪ]
    (=perverse) terco
    2.

    on the contrary — al contrario, todo lo contrario

    * * *

    I
    1) ['kɑːntreri, 'kɒntrəri]
    a) (opposed, opposite) contrario

    to be contrary TO something — ir* en contra de algo

    b)

    contrary to(as prep) contrariamente a, al contrario de

    2) ['kɑːntreri, kən'treri, kən'treəri] <person/child>

    II ['kɑːntreri, 'kɒntrəri]
    noun (pl - ries)
    a) ( opposite)

    unless you hear to the contrary... — a menos de que se les informe lo contrario...

    despite his assertions to the contrary... — a pesar de sus declaraciones en sentido contrario...

    b)

    on the contrary — (as linker) al contrario, todo lo contrario, por el contrario

    English-spanish dictionary > contrary

  • 2 contrary con·tra·ry

    ['kɒntrərɪ]
    1. adj
    1)

    contrary (to) — contrario (-a) (a), opposto (-a) (a)

    contrary to what you may have heard, I am not resigning — contrariamente a quello che potete aver sentito, non mi dimetto

    2) [kən'trɛərɪ] (self-willed) difficile, cocciuto (-a), bisbetico (-a)
    2. n

    English-Italian dictionary > contrary con·tra·ry

  • 3 contrary

    I 1. ['kɔntrərɪ] adj 2. n II [kən'trɛərɪ] adj
    * * *
    I 1. ['kontrəri] adjective
    ((often with to) opposite (to) or in disagreement (with): That decision was contrary to my wishes; Contrary to popular belief he is an able politician.) przeciwny, niezgodny
    2. noun
    ((with the) the opposite.) przeciwieństwo
    II [kən'treəri] adjective
    (obstinate; unreasonable.) przekorny

    English-Polish dictionary > contrary

  • 4 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 5 opposite

    I ['ɔpəzɪt] n

    It is just the opposite of what I've said. — Это прямо противоположно тому, что я сказал.

    The facts are just the opposite. — Факты говорят об обратном.

    I thought quite the opposite. — Я думал как раз наоборот.

    - opposite of smth, smb
    CHOICE OF WORDS:
    Русскому наоборот, обозначающему возражение, в английском языке соответствует словосочетание quite (just) the opposite. Кроме оборота quite (just) the opposite, русскому наоборот могут соответствовать on the contrary, the other way around. Оборот on the contrary относится ко всему предложению, употребляется как вводный и обычно стоит в начале предложения: I suppose you also went with him - On the contrary, I stayed at home. Вы, наверно, тоже пошли с ним - Совсем нет, я остался дома. /Как раз наоборот, я остался дома. Обороты the other way around и quite the opposite относятся к действиям и в предложении определяют глаголы: he did just the opposite он сделал как раз наоборот; she did everything the other way around она же сделала все наоборот
    II ['ɔpəzɪt] adj
    противоположный, обратный

    The house right (directly) opposite. — Дом точно (как раз) напротив.

    The two words are opposite in meating. — У этих двух слов противоположные значения.

    The two experiments were opposite in their results. — Эти два опыта дали противоположные результаты

    - opposite interests
    - opposite sides
    - opposite to what was expected
    - at the opposite end of the city
    - on the opposite bank of the river
    - live opposite the post-office
    - walk in the opposite direction
    - trains coming from opposite directions
    III ['ɔpəzɪt]
    напротив, против, по другую сторону

    The two words are opposite in meaning. — У этих двух слов противоположные значения.

    The house is directly (right) opposite to ours. — Этот дом как раз напротив нашего.

    USAGE:
    See before, prp; USAGE (3.), (5.).

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > opposite

  • 6 Science

       It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)
       One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)
       Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)
       A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)
       [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]
       I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)
       If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)
       Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)
       The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)
       The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)
       The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)
       Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)
       Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)
       This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)
       Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science

  • 7 wish

    wish [wɪʃ]
    souhaiter1 (a), 1 (c), 1 (d), 2 (a) vouloir1 (c), 2 (a) faire un vœu2 (b) souhait3 (a) vœu3 (a), 3 (c) désir3 (b) amitiés3 (c)
    to wish sb dead souhaiter la mort de qn;
    I wish I were a bird! je voudrais être un oiseau!;
    she wished herself far away elle aurait souhaité être loin;
    familiar I wish I were or British was somewhere else j'aimerais bien être ailleurs;
    wish you were here (on postcard) j'aimerais bien que tu sois là;
    I wish you didn't have to leave j'aimerais que tu ne sois pas ou ce serait bien si tu n'étais pas obligé de partir;
    I wish you hadn't said that tu n'aurais pas dû dire ça;
    I wish I'd never come! je n'aurais jamais dû venir;
    I wish I'd thought of that before je regrette de n'y avoir pas pensé plus tôt;
    why don't you come with us? - I wish I could pourquoi ne venez-vous pas avec nous? - j'aimerais bien
    (b) (expressing criticism, reproach)
    I wish you'd be more careful j'aimerais que vous fassiez plus attention;
    I wish you wouldn't talk so much! tu ne peux pas te taire un peu?;
    I wish you wouldn't play that music so loud j'aimerais bien que tu ne mettes pas la musique aussi fort
    (c) formal (want) souhaiter, vouloir;
    I don't wish to appear rude, but… je ne voudrais pas paraître grossier mais…;
    he no longer wishes to discuss it il ne veut ou il ne souhaite plus en parler;
    do you wish to see me? désirez-vous me voir?;
    how do you wish to pay? comment désirez-vous payer?
    (d) (in greeting, expressions of goodwill) souhaiter;
    I wished her a pleasant journey je lui ai souhaité (un) bon voyage;
    he wished them success in their future careers il leur a souhaité de réussir dans leur carrière;
    he wished us good day il nous a souhaité le bonjour;
    I wish you no harm je ne vous veux pas de mal;
    I wish you well j'espère que tout ira bien pour vous;
    I wish you (good) luck je vous souhaite bonne chance;
    to wish sb joy of sth souhaiter bien du plaisir à qn pour qch
    (a) formal (want, like) vouloir, souhaiter;
    may I see you again? - if you wish puis-je vous revoir? - si vous le voulez ou le souhaitez;
    do as you wish faites comme vous voulez;
    ironic did you get a pay rise/go on holiday this year? - I wish! tu as eu une augmentation/tu es allé en vacances cette année? - tu parles!
    (b) (make a wish) faire un vœu;
    close your eyes and wish hard ferme les yeux et fais un vœu;
    literary to wish upon a star faire un vœu en regardant une étoile
    3 noun
    (a) (act of wishing, thing wished for) souhait m, vœu m;
    make a wish! fais un souhait ou un vœu!;
    to grant a wish exaucer un vœu;
    he got his wish, his wish came true son vœu s'est réalisé
    (b) (desire) désir m;
    to express a wish for sth exprimer le désir de qch;
    formal it is my (dearest) wish that… c'est mon vœu le plus cher que…;
    it was his last wish c'était sa dernière volonté;
    literary or humorous your wish is my command vos désirs sont des ordres;
    formal I have no wish to appear melodramatic, but… je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air de dramatiser mais…;
    she had no great wish to travel elle n'avait pas très envie de voyager;
    to respect sb's wishes respecter les vœux de qn;
    she went against my wishes elle a agi contre ma volonté;
    he joined the navy against or contrary to my wishes il s'est engagé dans la marine contre mon gré ou ma volonté
    give your wife my best wishes transmettez toutes mes amitiés à votre épouse;
    my parents send their best wishes mes parents vous font toutes leurs amitiés;
    with every good wish (in card) avec mes meilleurs vœux;
    best wishes for the coming year meilleurs vœux pour la nouvelle année;
    best wishes on your graduation (day) toutes mes/nos félicitations à l'occasion de l'obtention de votre diplôme;
    (with) best wishes (in letter) bien amicalement, toutes mes amitiés
    ►► Psychology wish fulfilment accomplissement m d'un désir;
    wish list liste f de vœux;
    the unions presented a wish list of their conditions les syndicats ont présenté une liste de conditions
    you can't simply wish away the things you don't like on ne peut pas faire comme si les choses qui nous déplaisent n'existaient pas
    souhaiter;
    what did you wish for? quel était ton vœu?;
    what more could a man/a woman wish for? que peut-on souhaiter de plus?
    (a) (fate, problem) souhaiter à;
    I wouldn't wish this headache on anyone je ne souhaite à personne d'avoir un mal de tête pareil
    it's a terribly complicated system wished on us by head office c'est un système très compliqué dont nous a fait cadeau la direction;
    he'll probably wish the children on us for the afternoon il nous fera sans doute cadeau des enfants pour l'après-midi

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > wish

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